Drill bit extensions reduce force at the shoulder and minimizes strain of the arms when drilling overhead.
Hazard Analysis — Kneeling & Squatting
Problem:
Workers who splice and connect wiring systems may face hazards from kneeling & squatting.
Risk Description:
Working in kneeling or squatting posture while splicing and connecting wiring systems can increase forces in the knee. The cumulative effects of kneeling or squatting may lead to knee injuries such as bursitis or osteoarthritis and in some cases may contribute to low back pain.
Osteoarthritis of the Knee
Prepatellar Bursitis
Osteoarthritis of the Knee (OA)
Osteoarthritis (also called OA or degenerative joint disease) is the deterioration of the cartilage of the knee leading to the narrowing of the joint space. Cartilage acts as a cushion in joints. If cartilage is destroyed there is direct bone on bone contact, which causes OA.
Work-Related Risk Factors- Awkward knee postures
- Repetitive knee flexion (e.g. bending, kneeling, squatting, and climbing)
- Heavy lifting on a regular basis, especially from a squat position
- Work that combines both heavy lifting, and kneeling or squatting
Osteoarthritis can also be caused by injuries to the knee joint and obesity. There may be a genetic tendency to develop OA.
Development and ProgressionFrequently bending the knee while performing activities such as kneeling, squatting, climbing, and heavy manual material handling create pressure on structures in the knee (compressive forces). These compressive forces gradually wear down the cartilage, leaving no cushioning between the bones. With the loss of this protective cushioning, the synovial lining and bones thicken, which in turn causes a build up of fluid known as "water on the knee." Bone spurs develop in many cases.
Common SymptomsIndividuals with OA often complain of stiffness and pain in the affected joint. Swelling and redness of the affected joint are also common. Until OA is severe, pain is often relieved with rest.
Common TreatmentExercise, weight loss, and bracing of the knee can be effective therapies for resolving pain due to OA. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, e.g. ibuprofen or naproxen), acetaminophen and other medications are often helpful. Other treatments include rest, heat applications, and physical therapy. Injections of corticosteroids ("cortisone injections") may be beneficial in the short term. Injection of a synthetic lubrication fluid is sometimes used in severe OA.
Surgical treatment, including arthroscopy, osteotomy, and arthroplasty (joint replacement), are sometimes necessary to regain normal function in the knee joint.
Alternative treatments such as acupuncture, magnetic pulse therapy, vitamin regimes, and topical pain relievers have also been shown effective for some in the resolution of symptoms of OA.
Prepatellar Bursitis
The prepatellar bursa is a flat sac on the front of the kneecap (patella).Irritation of the bursa causes bursitis. Prepatellar bursitis, also called "housemaid's knee," is common among roofers, carpet layers, and other workers who kneel often. Repeated knee bending can also irritate other bursa in the knee.
Work-Related Risk Factors- Prolonged kneeling
- Prolonged and repeated squatting
Bursas act to reduce friction between bony structures, or between bones and other soft tissue. Normal bursas are a flat sac somewhat like a zip-lock bag. When the bursa is irritated, fluid enters the bursa and causes it to expand. This, in turn, leads to swelling and pain of the knee.
Common SymptomsWorkers with prepatellar bursitis often notice rapid swelling on the front of kneecap. Pain occurs with activity, and the front of the kneecap may be tender and warm to the touch. The swelling leads to stiffness of the knee and pain with walking. Individuals may have a slight limp when first getting up from sitting.
Common TreatmentInitial treatment includes rest, ice, and compression of the knee with an elastic bandage. Application of heat and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, e.g. ibuprofen or naproxen) are often helpful. The bursa may need to be drained (aspiration) by a physician. Physical therapy can help with stretching of muscles around the knee if these muscles are tight. Strengthening exercises are often needed in chronic knee bursitis. Correcting gait abnormalities, such as those caused by a difference in leg lengths, is also important.
Assessment Info:
To assess exposure to kneeling and squatting postures, determine how many hours per day the worker spends with their knee(s) bent deeply >120°.Thomas Bernard's website contains practical ergonomic tools.
To assess the exposure to kneeling and squatting, it is necessary to observe a worker installing floor coverings, carpet and tile. Look for:
- time spent with the knee deeply bent (more than 120°)
- time spent directly on the knees
The risk of injury increases with more time spent in a kneeling or squatting posture and a greater degree of bending. Thomas Bernard's website has a host of practical ergonomics tools.
Regulations & Standards:
There is no Federal OSHA standard specifically for this hazard. However, hazardous work activities or exposures that are not covered by a specific standard are covered by the general duty clause, which requires each employer to provide a safe and healthful workplace.
Regulations adopted by a state must be at least as protective as the corresponding federal standard. Work may also be subject to rules of other federal, state and local agencies. Even where there is no hazard specific standard, OSHA provides a general duty for the employer to provide a work site free from recognized hazards.
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has a standard which applies to construction work where there may be risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders. ANSI standard A10.40 is not a regulation, but implementing this standard can help reduce the risk of MSDs. The standard is available for purchase from the American Society of Safety Engineers: http://www.asse.org/departments/standards/.
Federal OSHA Standards are enforced by the U.S. Department of Labor in 26 states. There are currently 22 states and jurisdictions operating complete State plans (covering both the private sector and state and local government employees) and 5 - Connecticut, Illinois, New Jersey, New York and the Virgin Islands - which cover public employees only. If you are working in one of those states or jurisdictions you should ensure that you are complying with their requirements.
