Guardrails

Guardrails are the primary means of fall protection in construction. It is a passive form of fall protection that is a physical barrier that prevents people from falling to lower levels.  A guardrail consists of a top rail at a height of 42 inches ( + or - 3 inches) above the walking/working level, a midrail at a height of 21 inches above the walking/working level, and a 3 1/2-inch tall toeboard. The toeboard prevents objects on the working surface from falling to lower levels. Guardrails can protect workers from a fall not only on leading edges, but also holes in the walking/working surface, stairways, ramps, or any other unprotected edges. Guardrails can be purchased from a reputable vendor or can be made from wood or wire rope at the jobsite.

Guardrails are a passive form of fall protection that prevent a worker from falling to lower levels. This form of fall protection is most desirable because it takes no action from the worker and it eliminates the fall hazard if properly installed.
 

The following are areas where installation of guardrails as fall protection may be needed:

• Along the edge of all open sided floors or edges where a fall exposure exists
• On work platforms where a fall exposure exists
• On stair systems
• Around floor and roof openings
• Around holes too large to place covers over
• Around the exterior of a roof during roofing work
• On articulating/elevating work platforms
• Near window openings where the sill is lower than 39 inches
• In an area/edge where a possible fall would allow an employee to strike dangerous equipment or material, regardless of the fall distance
• On access ways, ramps or catwalks where there is a fall exposure
• Parapets less than 39" in height

Note: Guardrail use is not limited to this list.

General Requirements for Guardrail Systems

• The top edge of the guardrail system shall be 42 inches, ±3 inches, above the walking/working surface.
• Midrails must be installed between the top edge of the guardrail system and the walking/working surface (approximately 21 inch high).
• The guardrail system must be capable of withstanding a 200-pound force applied to the top rail in an outward or downward direction.
• When the 200-pound force is applied the top rail cannot deflect to a height less than 39 inches above the walking/working surface.
• All midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate vertical members or panels must be able to withstand a 150-pound force in a downward or outward direction.
• Screens and mesh, when used, must extend from the top rail to the walking/working level and along the entire opening between top rail supports.
• Intermediate members such as balusters, when used between posts, must not be more than 19 inches apart.
• Where employees will be using stilts, the height of the top rail must be increased a height equal to the height of the stilts which in effect serve as the walking/working surface.
• All guardrail systems must be smooth surfaced.
• Steel or plastic banding can NEVER be used in a railing system.
• Avoid using manila, plastic or synthetic rope because they must be inspected often and may deteriorate rapidly.
• Whenever possible, guardrails should be permanent.
• Toprails and midrails must not cause a projection hazard by overhanging the terminal posts.

Toeboards

Guardrails must include a toeboard which is a low protective barrier that will prevent the fall of materials and equipment to lower levels and provide protection from falls for personnel. Toeboards must extend at least 3 1/2-inch above the walking/working surface.

Wood Guardrails

Wood components should be a minimum 1500 lb. ft./square inch fiber (stress grade) construction grade lumber. The posts must be at least 2-inch by 4-inch wood and set no more than 8 feet apart on center. Top rails must be at least 2" by 4"s. Midrails must be at least 1" by 6"s. Toeboards can be 2-inch by 4-inch or 1-inch by 4-inch.

(Photo courtesy of ELCOSH)

Reusable Guardrail Systems

In addition to wooden guardrails, there are also various guard rail systems developed and ready for easy installation, removal and storage. The Safety Rail System^TM by Hilmerson Safety is made of galvanized heavy duty 13g steel which exceeds OSHA standards.

 

(Photo courtesy of Hilmerson Safety)

Wire Rope Guardrails

Wire rope guardrails must be made from 1/4-inch diameter cable or larger and must be flagged every 6 feet with a high visibility material like caution or surveyors tape. For wire rope guardrails, there is no requirement that terminal suports are maintained every 8 feet on center, but when tested in the center with the 200 pound force the toprail must never deflect below 39 inches from the walking/working surface.

(Photo courtesy of ELCOSH)

Pipe Guardrails

Posts, toprails and midrails shall be at least one and one half (1.5) inch nominal diameter schedule 40 pipe, with posts spaced no more than 8 feet on centers.

(Photo courtesy of Guardian Fall Protection Inc.)

Guarding Wall Openings

Where parapet walls or windowsills do not extend at least 39 inches above the walking or working surface, precautions must be taken to ensure proper guardrails are in place. Elevator shafts and other similar wall openings or floor must be protected against fall hazards.

(Photo courtesy of ELCOSH)

Fall Protection in Excavations

Walkways over excavations that are 6 feet or more in depth must be guarded to prevent falls.

(Photo courtesy of ELCOSH)

Residential Construction Rooftops

Guardrails are available that attach to sloped residential rooftops to provide fall protection to employees performing roofing work. A roof bracket with guardrail holder and bracing support is attached to a sloped roof and typically used in conjunction with 2-inch by 4-inch guardrails and 2-inch by 6-inch toe boards. These roof brackets are usually adjustable to fit roof conditions.

(Photo courtesy of Guardian Fall Protection Inc.)

There is limited evidence on the effects of guardrails as fall protection solutions on productivity.

OSHA 1926.502(b) provides safety and health regulations for construction pertaining to guardrail systems.

Center of Gravity

The height of the guardrail (42") is designed to protect workers with their center of gravity below the top rail. A worker with a center of gravity above the top rail is in danger of falling over the guardrail if he comes in contact with the guardrail. A person's center of gravity is typically around their midsection. If a worker's center of gravity is above the top rail, that person should stay back at least 6 feet from the guardrail. An alternative is to extend the guardrail upwards. Guardrails can be extended to 45 inches high.

A recent innovation in railings, which is typically seen in atrium style hotels, places an addition to the top tail positioned outward and upward 10 to 12 inches and at a slope of 30 to 35 degrees from vertical.

Installing Guardrails

Installing guardrails can be a dangerous activity. While the worker or workers are installing the guardrail there is typically no fall protection for possible fall hazards until the guardrail installation is completed. It is best to pre-plan and engineer anchorage points for the installation workers to tie off restraint systems or personal fall arrest systems for protection while the guardrails are installed.

Fullen, Mark, CSP and Savage, Kristen - West Virginia University

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